Prepare for your Class 10 English exams with this complete The Making of a Scientist study guide covering Richard Ebright’s inspiring journey from curious collector to accomplished scientist. This page provides detailed chapter summaries in English and Hindi, in-depth Richard Ebright character sketch, comprehensive explanations of his groundbreaking monarch butterfly experiments and gold spots hormone discovery, NCERT-style solutions, important questions with model answers, grammar exercises, and extract-based practice questions. Whether you need quick summaries or deep understanding of themes like curiosity and scientific method, find all answers and exam preparation materials in one place.

the making of a scientist summary

English summary

Have you ever wondered how a small hobby can change your whole life? What if collecting something simple could lead you to unlock secrets of life itself? This is the true story of how curiosity, hard work, and one special book shaped a young boy into a great scientist.

This chapter tells the story of Richard Ebright, a boy whose love for collecting butterflies slowly turned into a deep passion for science. Guided by his supportive mother and driven by curiosity, he learns that real science is not about neat displays but about asking questions and doing experiments. Step by step, his work leads to important discoveries and a new theory about how cells work.

Richard Ebright grew up as an only child near Reading, Pennsylvania. There were no children nearby to play team sports with, so he found something else to do—he collected things. He collected butterflies, rocks, fossils, and coins, and even spent nights looking at stars. From the start, he had what his teachers later called a “driving curiosity.” His mother played a huge role in his life. After his father died when Richard was in third grade, she became his closest companion. She took him on trips, bought him tools like microscopes and telescopes, and made sure he was always learning. She once said, “If he didn’t have things to do, I found work for him—not physical work, but learning things.” Richard loved it and always earned top grades in school.

By the time Richard was in second grade, he had already collected all twenty-five kinds of butterflies found near his home. He felt his collection was complete, and his interest might have ended there. But then his mother gave him a book called The Travels of Monarch X. The book explained how monarch butterflies travel all the way to Central America. This book became a turning point in his life and “opened the world of science” to him. At the end of the book, readers were invited to help scientists study butterfly migration. Richard’s mother wrote to Dr Frederick A. Urquhart of the University of Toronto, and soon Richard began tagging monarch butterflies. To collect more butterflies, he raised them in his basement, caring for them through every stage of life. Over time, he found tagging boring because very few butterflies were ever found again.

In seventh grade, Richard entered a county science fair with slides of frog tissues. He lost. Sitting there while others won prizes made him feel sad, but it also taught him a lesson. He realised the winners had done real experiments, not just neat displays. He decided, “For the next year’s fair I would have to do a real experiment.” He returned to studying insects and wrote to Dr Urquhart for ideas. His eighth-grade project tried to find the cause of a disease that killed monarch caterpillars. Even though his results were unclear, he showed honest effort and won. The next year, he tested whether birds would eat monarch butterflies. His work won first place in zoology at the county fair.

In high school, Richard studied the twelve tiny gold spots on a monarch pupa. While most people thought they were decorative, he proved they produced a hormone needed for growth. His projects kept winning top prizes at international science fairs. Later, he grew butterfly cells in a lab and showed they developed only when fed this hormone. After joining Harvard University, he identified the hormone’s structure and later formed a new theory about how cells read DNA, the “blueprint for life.” At just twenty-two, his research was published in a top science journal, a rare achievement for a student.

Richard also loved debating, photography, and outdoor activities. Teachers described him as competitive “for the right reasons.” His curiosity, hard work, and desire to do his best shaped him into a true scientist.

Richard Ebright – curious and hardworking – the main character who becomes a scientist

Richard Ebright’s mother – supportive and guiding – encourages learning and curiosity

Dr Frederick A. Urquhart – helpful scientist – guides Richard’s butterfly research

This story shows you that curiosity is the first step to success. If you ask questions, work honestly, and keep learning, even a small interest can grow into something life-changing.

the making of a scientist Hindi summary

क्या तुमने कभी सोचा है कि एक छोटा-सा शौक पूरी ज़िंदगी बदल सकता है? क्या साधारण-सी चीज़ों को इकट्ठा करना तुम्हें जीवन के बड़े रहस्यों तक पहुँचा सकता है? यह एक सच्ची कहानी है कि कैसे जिज्ञासा, मेहनत और एक खास किताब ने एक लड़के को महान वैज्ञानिक बना दिया।

यह अध्याय रिचर्ड एब्राइट की कहानी बताता है, एक ऐसे लड़के की, जिसे तितलियाँ इकट्ठा करने का शौक था और जो धीरे-धीरे विज्ञान से गहरा प्यार करने लगा। अपनी सहायक माँ के मार्गदर्शन और अपनी जिज्ञासा के बल पर वह समझता है कि असली विज्ञान सुंदर सजावट नहीं, बल्कि सवाल पूछने और प्रयोग करने से बनता है। एक-एक कदम आगे बढ़ते हुए उसका काम उसे बड़ी खोजों और कोशिकाओं के काम करने के तरीके पर एक नए सिद्धांत तक ले जाता है।

रिचर्ड एब्राइट एक अकेले बच्चे के रूप में रीडिंग, पेनसिल्वेनिया के पास पला-बढ़ा। आसपास खेलने के लिए कोई बच्चे नहीं थे, इसलिए उसने अपने लिए दूसरा रास्ता चुना—चीज़ें इकट्ठा करना। उसने तितलियाँ, पत्थर, जीवाश्म और सिक्के जमा किए। वह रात-रात भर तारों को भी देखा करता था। शुरू से ही उसमें वह गुण था जिसे उसके शिक्षक बाद में “तेज़ जिज्ञासा” कहते थे। उसकी माँ का उसके जीवन में बहुत बड़ा योगदान था। जब रिचर्ड तीसरी कक्षा में था, तब उसके पिता का देहांत हो गया। इसके बाद उसकी माँ ही उसकी सबसे करीबी साथी बन गई। वह उसे घूमने ले जाती, माइक्रोस्कोप और टेलीस्कोप जैसे उपकरण दिलाती और यह सुनिश्चित करती कि वह हमेशा कुछ नया सीखे। उसने एक बार कहा था, “अगर उसके पास करने को कुछ नहीं होता, तो मैं उसे काम ढूँढ देती—शारीरिक काम नहीं, बल्कि सीखने का काम।” रिचर्ड को यह सब बहुत पसंद था और वह हमेशा स्कूल में अच्छे अंक लाता था।

दूसरी कक्षा तक आते-आते रिचर्ड अपने घर के आसपास मिलने वाली सभी पच्चीस तरह की तितलियाँ इकट्ठा कर चुका था। उसे लगा कि उसका संग्रह पूरा हो गया है और शायद यहीं उसका शौक खत्म हो जाता। लेकिन तभी उसकी माँ ने उसे एक किताब दी—द ट्रैवल्स ऑफ मॉनार्क एक्स। इस किताब में बताया गया था कि मोनार्क तितलियाँ कैसे मध्य अमेरिका तक की लंबी यात्रा करती हैं। यह किताब उसके जीवन का एक बड़ा मोड़ साबित हुई और इसने उसके लिए “विज्ञान की दुनिया खोल दी।” किताब के अंत में पाठकों से कहा गया था कि वे तितलियों के प्रवास पर शोध में मदद करें। रिचर्ड की माँ ने डॉ. फ्रेडरिक ए. अर्क्वार्ट को, जो यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ टोरंटो से थे, पत्र लिखा। जल्द ही रिचर्ड मोनार्क तितलियों पर छोटे टैग लगाने लगा। ज़्यादा तितलियाँ पाने के लिए उसने अपने बेसमेंट में उन्हें पाला और उनके जीवन के हर चरण की देखभाल की। समय के साथ उसे टैग लगाना उबाऊ लगने लगा, क्योंकि बहुत कम तितलियाँ दोबारा मिलीं।

सातवीं कक्षा में रिचर्ड ने मेंढक के ऊतकों की स्लाइड्स के साथ काउंटी साइंस फेयर में हिस्सा लिया। वह हार गया। जब बाकी बच्चे पुरस्कार जीत रहे थे और वह खाली बैठा था, तो उसे बहुत दुख हुआ। लेकिन इसी हार ने उसे एक ज़रूरी सीख दी। उसने समझा कि विजेताओं ने असली प्रयोग किए थे, सिर्फ़ साफ-सुथरी प्रदर्शनी नहीं। उसने तय किया, “अगले साल के मेले के लिए मुझे असली प्रयोग करना होगा।” वह फिर से कीड़ों के अध्ययन में लौट आया और डॉ. अर्क्वार्ट को सुझावों के लिए लिखा। आठवीं कक्षा के उसके प्रोजेक्ट में मोनार्क कैटरपिलर को मारने वाली बीमारी का कारण ढूँढने की कोशिश की गई। नतीजे साफ़ नहीं थे, फिर भी उसकी ईमानदार मेहनत के कारण वह जीत गया। अगले साल उसने यह जाँचा कि क्या पक्षी मोनार्क तितलियों को खाते हैं। इस काम के लिए उसे काउंटी फेयर में जूलॉजी में पहला स्थान मिला।

हाई स्कूल में रिचर्ड ने मोनार्क प्यूपा पर मौजूद बारह छोटे सुनहरे धब्बों का अध्ययन किया। जहाँ ज़्यादातर लोग उन्हें सिर्फ़ सजावट समझते थे, वहीं उसने साबित किया कि वे विकास के लिए ज़रूरी हार्मोन बनाते हैं। उसके प्रोजेक्ट अंतरराष्ट्रीय विज्ञान मेलों में लगातार पुरस्कार जीतते रहे। बाद में उसने प्रयोगशाला में तितली की कोशिकाएँ उगाईं और दिखाया कि ये कोशिकाएँ तभी विकसित होती हैं जब उन्हें वही हार्मोन दिया जाए। हार्वर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी में दाख़िला लेने के बाद उसने हार्मोन की संरचना पहचानी और आगे चलकर यह सिद्धांत बनाया कि कोशिकाएँ डीएनए, यानी “जीवन का नक्शा”, कैसे पढ़ती हैं। सिर्फ़ बाईस साल की उम्र में उसका शोध एक बड़े वैज्ञानिक जर्नल में छपा, जो किसी छात्र के लिए बहुत दुर्लभ उपलब्धि थी।

रिचर्ड को वाद-विवाद, फोटोग्राफी और बाहर की गतिविधियाँ भी पसंद थीं। शिक्षक उसे “सही कारणों के लिए प्रतिस्पर्धी” बताते थे। उसकी जिज्ञासा, मेहनत और सबसे अच्छा करने की चाह ने उसे एक सच्चा वैज्ञानिक बना दिया।

रिचर्ड एब्राइट – जिज्ञासु और मेहनती – कहानी का मुख्य पात्र जो वैज्ञानिक बनता है

रिचर्ड एब्राइट की माँ – सहायक और मार्गदर्शक – सीखने और जिज्ञासा को बढ़ावा देती हैं

डॉ. फ्रेडरिक ए. अर्क्वार्ट – मददगार वैज्ञानिक – रिचर्ड के तितली-शोध का मार्गदर्शन करते हैं

यह कहानी तुम्हें दिखाती है कि सफलता की पहली सीढ़ी जिज्ञासा है। अगर तुम सवाल पूछते हो, ईमानदारी से मेहनत करते हो और सीखते रहते हो, तो एक छोटा-सा शौक भी ज़िंदगी बदल देने वाली उपलब्धि बन सकता है।

the making of a scientist Keywords (with meanings):

Richard Ebright — a curious student who becomes a scientist

mother — his supportive guide and teacher at home

Reading, Pennsylvania — Ebright’s hometown setting

butterflies — his first and main research interest

monarch — the butterfly species he studied and raised

viceroy — look-alike butterfly used in mimicry study

tagging — putting ID labels on monarch wings for research

Dr Urquhart — scientist who guided Ebright’s projects

microscope — tool he used for slides and close study

pupa — stage before butterfly emerges; has gold spots

gold spots — tiny spots making a needed hormone

hormone — chemical signal for full development

science fair — contests where he presented projects

experiment — real test with methods and results

county fair — local level competition he first lost

International Science Fair — higher-level competition he won

laboratory — place he worked in summers on research

Harvard — college where he formed his cell theory

DNA — code in cells; the blueprint for life

cell — basic unit of life that “reads” DNA

theory — idea on how cells read DNA

Proceedings — journal that published his paper

tagging season — six-week late-summer collecting time

starling — bird used to test taste of monarchs

debate — activity that built his effort and thinking

curiosity — strong desire to learn and ask “why”

will to win — drive to do the best for right reasons

first place — top award he earned multiple times

slides — frog tissue slides from his first fair entry

culture — growing cells outside the body

model — plastic/diagram used to show molecules

blueprint — plan/image for how something is built

awards — Searle Scholar and Schering Plough recognitions

entomology — study of insects (his field as a student)

canoeist — shows his balanced, outdoor interests

the making of a scientist Phrases (exact from the text):

“At the age of twenty-two, a former ‘scout of the year’ astonished the scientific world with a new theory on how cells work.”

“It was the first time this important scientific journal had ever published the work of college students.”

“And it all started with butterflies.”

“There wasn’t much I could do there.”

“I could do — collect things.”

“From the first he had a driving curiosity along with a bright mind.”

“Richie was my whole life after his father died when Richie was in third grade.”

“He wanted to learn.”

“By the time he was in the second grade, Ebright had collected all twenty-five species of butterflies found around his hometown.”

“The Travels of Monarch X.”

“readers were invited to help study butterfly migrations.”

“light adhesive tags to the wings of monarchs.”

“The butterfly collecting season around Reading lasts six weeks in late summer.”

“raise a flock of butterflies.”

“from egg to caterpillar to pupa to adult butterfly.”

“only two butterflies I had tagged were recaptured — they were not more than seventy-five miles from where I lived.”

“a hint of what real science is.”

“winners had tried to do real experiments, not simply make a neat display.”

“a stack of suggestions for experiments.”

“the cause of a viral disease that kills nearly all monarch caterpillars.”

“viceroy butterflies copy monarchs.”

“a starling would… eat all the monarchs it could get.”

“the twelve tiny gold spots on a monarch pupa.”

“producing a hormone necessary for the butterfly’s full development.”

“International Science and Engineering Fair.”

“grew cells from a monarch’s wing in a culture.”

“only if they were fed the hormone from the gold spots.”

“identify the hormone’s chemical structure.”

“how the cell can ‘read’ the blueprint of its DNA.”

“drawing pictures and constructing plastic models of molecules.”

“graduated from Harvard with highest honours, second in his class of 1,510.”

“for the right reasons, he wants to be the best.”

“Start with a first-rate mind, add curiosity, and mix in the will to win for the right reasons.”

the making of scientist question answer

Text based questions and answers

Q1. How did a book become a turning point in Richard Ebright’s life?

Answer:A book about butterflies sparked Richard Ebright’s deep interest in science. It opened his mind to the natural world and made him curious to learn more. This inspired him to explore scientific ideas beyond just reading, which marked the start of his journey as a scientist. His fascination with butterflies showed the power of books to change how we see the world.

Q2. How did his mother help him?

Answer:Richard Ebright’s mother supported his interest in science by providing encouragement and opportunities to learn. She helped him explore his curiosity by giving him books and materials needed for his studies. Her belief in his potential motivated him to pursue science passionately. This shows how family support can boost a young learner’s confidence.

Q3. What lesson does Ebright learn when he does not win anything at a science fair?

Answer:When Richard Ebright did not win at a science fair, he learned that failure is a part of learning and growth. It taught him to keep trying hard and improving his work rather than giving up. This experience strengthened his determination to succeed through persistence, an important lesson for every student.

Q4. What experiments and projects does he then undertake?

Answer:Richard Ebright began conducting many different experiments, especially related to butterflies and cells. He studied how cells work and explored theories that helped him understand biology better. His projects showed creativity and deep thinking, which are key to scientific discovery.

Q5. What are the qualities that go into the making of a scientist?

Answer:The making of a scientist requires curiosity, patience, hard work, and the ability to learn from mistakes. A scientist should be brave enough to explore new ideas and persistent in solving problems. Richard Ebright’s story shows how these qualities help a person achieve success in science and life.

the making of a scientist End-of-Chapter Questions

 Think about it 

Q1. What is DNA fingerprinting? What is it used for?

Answer:DNA fingerprinting is a method to identify a person using their unique DNA pattern.

It is used to catch criminals, find real parents, and identify dead bodies.

Q2. How do honeybees identify their own honeycombs?

Answer:Honeybees recognise their honeycomb by its special smell and by remembering its exact position.

Q3. Why does rain fall in drops?

Answer:Rain falls in drops because water in clouds joins together into small round droplets, and gravity pulls them down.

• Talk About It

Children everywhere wonder about the world around them. The questions they ask are the beginning of scientific inquiry. Given below are some questions that children in India have asked Professor Yash Pal and Dr Rahul Pal as reported in their book, Discovered Questions (NCERT, 2006).

i) What is DNA fingerprinting? What are its uses?

Answer:DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify a person by studying their DNA pattern.

Everyone has a unique DNA pattern, just like a unique fingerprint.

Uses:

To identify criminals from blood, hair, or other body cells.

To find real parents in paternity cases.

To identify dead bodies.

To study family relationships and ancestry.

(ii) How do honeybees identify their own honeycombs?

Answer:Honeybees identify their own honeycomb mainly by smell and memory.

Each hive has a special smell, and bees recognise it.

They also remember the exact position of their hive using the sun, landmarks, and directions.

(iii) Why does rain fall in drops?

Answer:Rain falls in drops because water in clouds joins together to form small round droplets.

As they become heavy, gravity pulls them down.

The round shape forms because water molecules stick together and create surface tension, which makes the drops round.

the making of a scientist Grammar

(Do as directed)

1.Richie usually ______ (collect) butterflies, but later he ______ (begin) doing experiments.

(Fill in the blanks with the correct tense)

2.By the time he was in second grade, he ______ (collect) all twenty-five species found near his home.

(Fill in the blank with the correct tense)

3.His mother ______ (encourage) his interest in learning from an early age.

(Fill in the blank with the correct tense)

4.Richard tagged the monarch butterflies before releasing them.

(Change into Passive Voice)

5.A starling ate all the monarchs it could get.

(Change into Passive Voice)

6.The hormone was produced by the gold spots on the pupa.

(Change into Active Voice)

7.“I will do a real experiment next year,” Richard said.

(Change into Indirect Speech)

8.Dr Urquhart advised him to tag the butterflies carefully.

(Change into Direct Speech)

9.Richard lived ___ a quiet town ___ Reading, Pennsylvania.

(Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions)

10.His mother bought him ___ microscope and ___ telescope.

(Fill in the blanks with suitable articles)

11.Richard ___ (can/must/should) ask questions to become a real scientist.

(Choose the correct modal)

12.Tagging butterflies ___ (may/must) seem boring because there is little feedback.

(Choose the correct modal)

13.Combine the sentences using because:

.He lost the science fair. He had shown only neat slides.

14.Change into a question:

Richard entered the county science fair.

15. Change into negative without changing the meaning:

Richard always tried to do real experiments.

16.Correct the error in the sentence:

.Richard and his mother was working together at the dining table.

(Editing – identify and correct the error)

17.Insert the missing word:

He raised thousands ___ butterflies in his basement.

18.(Omission – Do as directed)

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

Richard built a ______ to prove that the gold spots produced a ______ needed for growth.

(Gap Filling / Cloze)

Here are grammar questions answers

1.collects, began

2.had collected

3.encouraged

4.The monarch butterflies were tagged by Richard before being released.

5.All the monarchs were eaten by a starling.

6.The gold spots on the pupa produced the hormone.

7.Richard said that he would do a real experiment the next year.

8.Dr Urquhart said, “Tag the butterflies carefully.”

9.in, near

10.a, a

11.should

12.may

13.He lost the science fair because he had shown only neat slides.

14.Did Richard enter the county science fair?

15.Richard never failed to try to do real experiments.

16.was → were

17.of

18.device, hormone

the making of a scientist Short Answer Questions (30–40 words each)

 Q1. How did Ebright’s mother shape his early learning?

Answer:Ebright’s mother helped him learn by taking him to museums and nature trips, giving him books and a microscope, studying with him at the dining table, and encouraging his curiosity after his father’s death.

Q2. What was Ebright’s first major setback and what did he learn from it?

Answer:His first setback was losing at the county science fair with only neat slides. He learned that real science needs experiments and proper research, not just displays.

Q3. Why did Ebright start tagging monarch butterflies, and what were the results?

Answer:He began tagging monarchs because the book The Travels of Monarch X asked students to help Dr Urquhart study migration. He tagged thousands, but only two tagged butterflies were ever found again.

Q4. What question did Ebright ask about the gold spots on a monarch pupa?

Answer:He wondered, “What do the gold spots do?” His experiments showed that the gold spots produce a hormone needed for the butterfly’s growth.

Q5. How did Ebright’s work at Harvard help him develop his theory?

Answer:At Harvard, he studied X-ray photos and worked with James R. Wong to create a model of how cells read DNA. This led to a research paper in a top journal.

Q6. What skills besides science helped Ebright become successful?

Answer:He was disciplined from debate, good at outdoor activities and photography, and always tried to do his best for the right reasons.

the making of a scientist Long Answer Questions (100–120 words each)

 Q1. Write the character sketch of Richard H. Ebright.  

Answer:

Richard H. Ebright was a bright and hard-working boy who became a successful scientist. His character can be described as follows:

Very curious child – He always wanted to learn new things and understand how they worked.

Loved collecting things – He collected butterflies, rocks, fossils, and coins from a young age.

Learned from failure – When he lost at the county science fair, he realised he must do real experiments, not just show collections.

Hard-working and disciplined – He raised thousands of monarch butterflies and kept careful notes and records.

Asked important questions – He tried to find answers to problems like:

How do monarchs migrate?

Do birds eat monarchs?

Are monarchs virus carriers?

Did real scientific work – He built devices, performed lab experiments, and grew butterfly wing cells to study them.

Made a big discovery – He proved that the gold spots on a pupa release a hormone needed for a butterfly to grow.

Excellent student at Harvard – He helped create a model of how cells read DNA using X-ray photos.

Balanced personality – Besides science, he was good at debate, sports, and photography.

Always tried to do his best – He never stopped asking “why” and always aimed to work honestly and perfectly.

In short: Ebright was curious, sincere, and dedicated, and these qualities made him a great young scientist.

Q2. How does Ebright’s story show how real science grows? (Point-wise, simple language)

Answer:Ebright’s life clearly shows how real science develops step by step.

Starts with curiosity – He began with a simple hobby of collecting butterflies.

Asking questions – He wondered why and how things happened, which is the first step in science.

Learning from failure – His loss in the county fair taught him that real science needs experiments and research.

Doing experiments – He planned, tested, observed, and recorded results carefully.

Using scientific method –

He identified problems

Formed ideas (hypotheses)

Did experiments

Recorded results

Made conclusions

Finding evidence – Every project he did was based on real proof, such as:

Bird and butterfly taste experiment

Virus-carrying experiment

Gold spots hormone experiment

Making discoveries – His work on monarch pupae helped prove the role of hormones in growth.

Advanced scientific work – At Harvard, he studied DNA using X-ray photos and made an important model.

Never stopping curiosity – His habit of asking questions and working hard helped him grow as a real scientist.

In short: Real science grows from curiosity, careful experiments, patience, and learning from mistakes—just as shown in Ebright’s journey.

the making of a scientist Extract Based Questions

Extract 1: “And it all started with butterflies.”

Questions:

a) What activity with butterflies did Ebright first try? (Tagging monarchs for Dr Urquhart.)

b) Where did he raise them and in what numbers? (In his basement; thousands.)

c) What was the outcome of tagging? (Only two were ever found again.)

Answers:

a) He tagged monarchs as part of a migration study.

b) He raised thousands in his basement, from egg to adult.

c) Only two tagged monarchs were recovered, less than 75 miles away.

Extract 2: “Then comes the big question: what do the 12 tiny gold spots on a monarch pupa do?”

Questions:a) What device-related action did Ebright take? (He built a device to test the spots.)

b) What did he prove about the spots? (They produce a hormone for full development.)

c) What recognition did this work bring? (County firsts and entry to the International Science and Engineering Fair.)

Answers:

a) He constructed a device to study the gold spots.

b) He proved the spots make a necessary hormone.

c) He won at the county level and entered the international fair.

Extract 3: “Winners do real experiments.”

Questions:

a) What event led to this lesson? (Losing the county science fair.)

b) How did he change his approach after this? (He wrote to Dr Urquhart and began testing real questions.)

c) Name one later project that showed this change. (Birds and bad-tasting monarchs; or beetle and virus; or gold spots and hormone.)

Answers:

a) His loss with neat slides taught him this.

b) He focused on experiments with methods and results.

c) For example, he tested if birds avoid monarchs or if gold spots make a hormone.

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